In the mid‑20th century, when humanity discovered it had the ability to wipe itself out, Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer imagined a symbolic clock measuring how close we were to disaster. But the threat was never limited to the nuclear realm. A recently published paper shows as much. Resource depletion, institutional fragility, and potential technological crises have all served as key variables for a group of researchers trying to determine how long a civilization can remain active before collapsing. In that effort, the authors sketched out 10 possible futures a thousand years from now.

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