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  • ✇Eos
  • Heavy Rainfall Inflates Mount Fuji Katherine Kornei
    Magma on the move can cause the ground around a volcano to heave in measurable ways. But surface deformation doesn’t always point to an impending eruption—new results show that the terrain around a volcano can also shift during episodes of heavy rainfall. Researchers studying Japan’s Mount Fuji spotted instances of centimeter-level ground deformation tied to intense precipitation. Fortunately, such events can be readily differentiated from deformation caused by magmatic activity, the team repor
     

Heavy Rainfall Inflates Mount Fuji

26 May 2026 at 13:08
A snow-capped mountain is seen across a lake. The mountain is framed by vibrant red and yellow autumn leaves in the foreground.

Magma on the move can cause the ground around a volcano to heave in measurable ways. But surface deformation doesn’t always point to an impending eruption—new results show that the terrain around a volcano can also shift during episodes of heavy rainfall. Researchers studying Japan’s Mount Fuji spotted instances of centimeter-level ground deformation tied to intense precipitation. Fortunately, such events can be readily differentiated from deformation caused by magmatic activity, the team reported in Geology.

Keeping an Eye on Volcanoes

Volcanoes around the world, from Kīlauea in the United States to Calbuco in Chile, are outfitted with arrays of sensors. Mount Fuji is no exception—the region around the edifice is equipped with dozens of instruments to detect ground movement, infrasound, and other signs of potential volcanic unrest. All that monitoring is warranted: Shin-Fuji (“Younger Fuji”)—the youngest of Mount Fuji’s three overlapping volcanoes—is currently active.

Shuo Zheng, a hydrological geodesist at Hong Kong Polytechnic University in China, and his colleagues recently mined some of those Mount Fuji data. The team focused on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations—otherwise known as GPS data—collected daily from 2017 to 2023.

Rain and Rise

Zheng and his collaborators found several instances in which the two GNSS stations located within 10 kilometers of the summit of Mount Fuji recorded clear signs of uplift. Those signals, reflecting changes of roughly 1–2 centimeters, far exceeded the sensors’ millimeter-level precision. And when the team correlated the timing of that uplift with rain gauge records, they found that the ground often tended to rise almost immediately during periods of heavy precipitation (defined as several tens of millimeters of rain falling per day).

“They can store and transmit groundwater, acting like aquifers.”

There’s likely a physical link behind that correlation, the researchers surmised. The explanation involves the so-called clinkers that cap each of Mount Fuji’s subterranean layers of lava. Clinkers are layers of small rocks that form when the surface of a lava flow rapidly cools, and these structures persist in the shallow subsurface of Mount Fuji. “They can store and transmit groundwater, acting like aquifers,” Zheng said.

A close-up image of cooling lava glows red. The uppermost layer of smallish pebbles is fading to black.
Clinkers, or layers of small rocks that form from cooling lava, can store and transmit water. They may be responsible for the way Mount Fuji’s surface uplifts in response to heavy rainfall. Credit: U.S. Geological Survey

When water fills up the pore space within a clinker, there’s no place for the overlying ground to go but up. It therefore makes sense that GNSS stations located atop old lava layers would exhibit uplift in response to intense rainfall, the team concluded.

When Zheng and his collaborators analyzed data from the nine GNSS stations located between 25 and 40 kilometers from the summit, however, they found that the ground actually tended to subside during periods of heavy precipitation. “There are two different responses,” said Kosuke Heki, a geophysicist and geodesist at Hokkaido University in Japan and a member of the research team. That subsidence is a known effect, and it’s been observed in a variety of locales. The subsidence doesn’t dominate closer to the summit of Mount Fuji because of the presence of the clinker layers there, the team reasoned.

Long-Lasting Magma

“Uplift by rain easily terminates when it stops raining.”

The uplift that the team recorded close to the summit of Mount Fuji tended to last just a day or two; it disappeared when the rainfall ceased. That timing is key for differentiating precipitation-induced uplift from magma-induced uplift. “Uplift by rain easily terminates when it stops raining,” said Heki. “But magma has a much longer timescale. It continues for weeks or months.”

That difference is critical, said Luca Caricchi, a volcanologist at the Université de Genève who was not involved in the research. There’s long been the mindset that ground deformation means that an eruption is imminent, but these new findings show that a heaving volcano doesn’t always mean that magma is on the move, said Caricchi. If the deformation is short-lived, the explanation might just be precipitation, he said. “You don’t need to worry.”

Zheng and his colleagues have looked for a similar effect for other volcanoes in Japan. They didn’t find any conclusive trends when they analyzed a chain of island volcanoes south of Tokyo, however. Perhaps that’s because the clinker layers beneath those edifices are so close to the sea that water efficiently drains out of them, the team hypothesized.

—Katherine Kornei (@KatherineKornei), Science Writer

Citation: Kornei, K. (2026), Heavy rainfall inflates Mount Fuji, Eos, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EO260169. Published on 26 May 2026.
Text © 2026. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.
  • ✇Antiques and Vintage - flickr
  • G-AHAG 1945 De Havilland Dragon Rapide DH-89A RAF RL944 chris murkin
    chris murkin posted a photo: G-AHAG 1945 De Havilland Dragon Rapide DH-89A RAF RL944 This Aircraft was built by Brush Coachworks Ltd which was at Loughborough in Leicestershire Brush Coachworks Ltd, DH89A in the livery of Scillonia Airways and is based at Membury airfield in Berkshire A number of Rapides were used during WWII to provide internal flights under the control of National Air Communications Photo taken at Old Warden Shuttleworth Wings & Wheels Air Show 30th May 2026 HAH_8767
     

G-AHAG 1945 De Havilland Dragon Rapide DH-89A RAF RL944

11 June 2026 at 01:04

chris murkin posted a photo:

G-AHAG 1945 De Havilland Dragon Rapide DH-89A  RAF RL944

G-AHAG 1945 De Havilland Dragon Rapide DH-89A RAF RL944
This Aircraft was built by Brush Coachworks Ltd which was at Loughborough in Leicestershire Brush Coachworks Ltd, DH89A in the livery of Scillonia Airways and is based at Membury airfield in Berkshire
A number of Rapides were used during WWII to provide internal flights under the control of National Air Communications
Photo taken at Old Warden Shuttleworth Wings & Wheels Air Show 30th May 2026
HAH_8767

  • ✇Malay Mail - All
  • The digital economy is rewriting urban land value — Nor Amaleena Mazlan and Zafira Nadia Maaz
    JUNE 11 — For as long as cities have existed, accessibility has shaped the value of land. This principle is not disappearing, but it is being revised. The digital economy has not made physical space irrelevant. It has made location more complex. Land is still valuable because of where it is, but “where” now means more than distance to roads, rail, town centres, or customers. It also means whether a location sits within a delivery radius, is visible to platform al
     

The digital economy is rewriting urban land value — Nor Amaleena Mazlan and Zafira Nadia Maaz

11 June 2026 at 02:20

Malay Mail

JUNE 11 — For as long as cities have existed, accessibility has shaped the value of land. This principle is not disappearing, but it is being revised. The digital economy has not made physical space irrelevant. It has made location more complex. Land is still valuable because of where it is, but “where” now means more than distance to roads, rail, town centres, or customers. It also means whether a location sits within a delivery radius, is visible to platform algorithms, is connected to digital infrastructure, and can support data-driven urban services. 

Foot traffic still matters, but service radius now matters too. Zoning plans still shape development, but algorithms increasingly influence how places perform. Traditional infrastructure remains important, but digital infrastructure is becoming part of the new urban value equation.

Retail value is no longer only about foot traffic

A good retail location was once mainly defined by strong foot traffic. That logic still applies, especially for businesses that depend on visibility and walk-in customers. However, it is no longer the only logic that matters. For many businesses, service radius has become just as important. A shop on a quieter secondary street may perform well if it is surrounded by dense residential areas and can serve customers efficiently through delivery platforms. A small food operator may no longer need premium frontage if most orders come through an app. A pharmacy, grocery store, laundry service may derive value not from how many people walk past, but from how many customers it can reach within 15 or 30 minutes. 

This changes the economic meaning of location. A less visible shop lot may become commercially viable if it is strategically located within a high-demand residential catchment. In many Malaysian cities, secondary shop lots, neighbourhood retail units, cloud kitchens, and small fulfilment points are gaining new relevance supporting delivery-based business models. Foot traffic is not irrelevant. It has simply been joined by another value driver: digital reach. The best location is no longer only where people pass through. It may also be where people can be reached quickly, affordably, and repeatedly.

Urban land value is no longer shaped only by roads, rail stations, zoning plans, and visible development patterns. It is also shaped by less visible digital systems. Algorithms now influence which areas receive demand, which businesses are discovered, which parcels become logistically attractive, and which routes become commercially viable. A logistics operator deciding where to locate a micro-fulfilment centre studies order density, travel time, delivery performance, customer behaviour, and platform demand patterns. A food delivery platform may increase the visibility of some restaurants because they sit within a high-demand service radius. A ride-hailing algorithm may repeatedly direct vehicles through certain neighbourhoods because the route is faster, even if this increases pressure on residential streets. 

Digital infrastructure is becoming part of the basic urban system. Broadband connectivity, data centres, cloud infrastructure, digital payment systems, urban sensors, platform networks, and geospatial data are no longer separate from the built environment. — Pexels pic
Digital infrastructure is becoming part of the basic urban system. Broadband connectivity, data centres, cloud infrastructure, digital payment systems, urban sensors, platform networks, and geospatial data are no longer separate from the built environment. — Pexels pic

This means location advantage is increasingly co-produced by physical infrastructure and digital visibility. A shop lot may be physically accessible, but commercially weaker if it is poorly positioned within platform search, delivery coverage, or customer data flows. Conversely, a less prominent location may become viable if it performs well within algorithmic systems that connect demand, distance, and delivery efficiency.

At the same time, digital infrastructure is becoming part of the basic urban system. Broadband connectivity, data centres, cloud infrastructure, digital payment systems, urban sensors, platform networks, and geospatial data are no longer separate from the built environment. They influence where businesses locate, how services are delivered, how people move, and how land is used. This creates a new planning reality. Local authorities continue to regulate land through zoning, density control, infrastructure provision, and development approval, while private platforms quietly shape urban activity through routing, ranking, pricing, and service allocation. These systems may reinforce each other, but they may also work at cross purposes. 

The issue is not that algorithms or digital tools are bad for cities. They can help local authorities understand land use patterns, detect congestion pressure, optimise infrastructure use, monitor pollution, and plan cleaner urban development. The concern is governance. If algorithms and digital infrastructure increasingly influence land value and urban activity, their effects must be made more visible, explainable, and accountable.

For the built environment sector, this marks an important shift. Planners, valuers, developers, quantity surveyors, and policymakers can no longer assess land value only through frontage, accessibility, surrounding development, and infrastructure. They must also consider digital indicators such as platform visibility, service radius, delivery efficiency, data connectivity, proximity to demand clusters, and exposure to algorithmic traffic flows.

The digital economy should not be treated only as a technology agenda. It is also a land use agenda, an infrastructure agenda, and a governance agenda.

Economic resilience in the digital age

The digital economy also changes how cities absorb shocks. Floods, traffic congestion, pandemics, supply chain delays, rising operating costs, and changing consumer behaviour all affect how businesses survive. In the traditional urban economy, many businesses depended heavily on physical access. If customers could not reach the shop, revenue declined. If a road was flooded, a shopping district became temporarily inactive. If workers could not commute, office-centred economic activity slowed. 

The digital economy introduces a second channel. Businesses can now reach customers through online platforms, delivery networks, digital payment systems, social media marketing, and remote service models. A cafe, pharmacy, grocery shop, tuition centre, clinic, or small retailer is no longer limited only to walk-in customers. This does not remove vulnerability, but it creates redundancy. A city that depends only on foot traffic is more exposed. A city where businesses operate through both physical and digital channels has more room to adapt. When one channel weakens, another can partially absorb the pressure.

In Malaysia, this has practical significance. Monsoon floods disrupt road access. Traffic congestion affects delivery reliability and business productivity. Urban households increasingly expect convenience, speed, and flexible services. Under these conditions, digital capability becomes part of economic resilience. However, digital resilience is not automatic. It depends on infrastructure quality, affordability of digital tools, platform fairness, logistics capacity, data governance, and the ability of small businesses to participate. Large firms are often better positioned to use data and optimise delivery networks. Small retailers may struggle with platform fees, digital skills, and visibility in crowded online marketplaces. 

This is where urban policy matters. Cities need reliable broadband, efficient logistics spaces, flood-resilient infrastructure, inclusive digital support for small businesses, and better coordination between land use planning and platform-driven urban activity. The digital economy should not be romanticised as a cure for urban vulnerability. It is better understood as an additional layer of resilience. It gives businesses alternative ways to reach customers, gives cities better data to manage disruption, and gives local economies more flexibility when physical systems are under stress.

The digital economy has not made land less important; It changes what makes land valuable. In Kuala Lumpur, urban value is now shaped by layered interactions between roads, buildings, zoning, foot traffic, digital reach, and algorithms. Yes, location still matters, but rules that define a valuable location are being rewritten.

* The authors are senior lecturers at Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya. 

** This is the personal opinion of the writers or publication and does not necessarily represent the views of Malay Mail.

Trump Administration to Remove Hundreds of Deep-Ocean Observation Instruments, Dismantling $368 Million Program

3 June 2026 at 16:39

Research & Developments is a blog for brief updates that provide context for the flurry of news regarding law and policy changes that impact science and scientists today.

The Trump administration’s National Science Foundation (NSF) has begun dismantling the infrastructure of a $368 million deep-ocean observing program critical to monitoring marine ecosystems, global currents, marine heat waves, and more, according to a 21 May announcement

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), funded by the NSF, has been collecting long-term oceanographic data at multiple deep-ocean sites since 2016. The information about ocean temperature, chemistry, currents, biological conditions, and more is used by scientists to understand a multitude of marine research questions including the activity of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a critical ocean current.

“I worry that … we’ll be losing this enormously valuable site where we could really contextualize and detect these changes going forward.”

“There’s a real danger that we lose the ability to keep looking for long-term changes [in the ocean]” as climate change alters Earth systems, said Hilary Palevsky, a marine biogeochemist who has used OOI data for a decade to study how the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide. “I worry that … we’ll be losing this enormously valuable site where we could really contextualize and detect these changes going forward.”

The NSF plans to remove all in-water arrays and infrastructure—including hundreds of deep-sea instruments—from four of the five currently-operating sites within the project: the Global Station Papa Array (in the Gulf of Alaska), Coastal Endurance Array (off the coasts of Oregon and Washington), Global Irminger Sea Array (southeast of Greenland), and Coastal Pioneer Array (off the coast of North Carolina). The removal is expected to occur over the next 15 months, though the process has already begun at the Endurance Array. 

A map of the locations of five current and two decommissioned arrays of scientific equipment that are part of the Ocean Observations Initiative.
The National Science Foundation’s planned descoping of the Ocean Observatories Initiative will include dismantling four of the five currently operating arrays of equipment. Credit: NSF/OOI

The Trump administration attempted previously to downscale OOI operations, proposing to cut its funding in 2025 and 2026, though Congress never approved the cuts. 

The administration’s decision to dismantle the arrays “aligns with NSF’s wider strategy to have a nimbler approach to prioritizing support for evolving scientific priorities and emerging technologies as well as a deliberate approach to smart life cycle management within its portfolio of research infrastructure,” Michael England, an NSF spokesman, told the New York Times

A Dearth of Data

As each array is dismantled, data streams will end, though all previously collected data from OOI networks will remain accessible, Jim Edson, principal investigator for the OOI, wrote in a letter to the oceanographic community. 

Palevsky said there’s “a lot of real concern” among the oceanographic community that the Endurance Array is being dismantled just as an intense El Niño event—and associated marine heat wave—is expected this summer. “It would be especially important to be able to document the effect that [El Niño] is having on coastal physical circulation and ecosystems,” she said. 

“We encourage the community to use the ten-plus years of OOI data by including it in proposals, publications, presentations, and conversations with colleagues. Continued engagement demonstrates the scientific impact and wide-ranging applications enabled by the OOI and its data, underscoring its importance as a resource for the oceanographic community,” the 21 May announcement stated. 

There are other sources of data that researchers like Palevsky can use. But oceanographic research often requires stitching together different data sets, including OOI observations, satellite observations and observations from the U.S. research fleet. Many of these other sources of data are also facing uncertain futures. 

Palevsky also worries about the loss of expertise that will occur as the program scales down. Installing these deep-sea observing networks was a huge achievement for U.S. science that will not be easy to replicate, she said. “If, in five years, we as a community decide we want to again be able to deploy this kind of complicated infrastructure in places that have really difficult oceanographic conditions … it’s going to be a lot of reinventing the wheel to figure out how to put things out again.”

“The complete cessation without community input or a community conversation about what’s going to happen to all this equipment and what’s going to happen with all of the expertise,” she said, “feels like a huge loss.”

—Grace van Deelen (@gvd.bsky.social), Staff Writer

These updates are made possible through information from the scientific community. Do you have a story about how changes in law or policy are affecting scientists or research? Send us a tip at eos@agu.org.

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Text © 2026. AGU. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
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  • ✇Eos
  • What’s Below the Great Salt Lake? More Water Anaise Aristide
    Since 1989, Utah’s Great Salt Lake has lost some 70% of its surface area, reducing its ecosystem services and creating stretches of drying lake bed (playa) that send toxic dust into the air. That drying ground has also provided opportunities for scientists to survey what lies below the lake’s floor. In a study published in Geosciences, researchers revealed glimpses of fresh water and salt water, with some fresh water lurking only a few meters below the surface. The work could provide clues f
     

What’s Below the Great Salt Lake? More Water

21 April 2026 at 12:44
Researchers stand in the distance as an orange electrical cord snakes across a dry lake bed in the Great Salt Lake.

Since 1989, Utah’s Great Salt Lake has lost some 70% of its surface area, reducing its ecosystem services and creating stretches of drying lake bed (playa) that send toxic dust into the air.

That drying ground has also provided opportunities for scientists to survey what lies below the lake’s floor. In a study published in Geosciences, researchers revealed glimpses of fresh water and salt water, with some fresh water lurking only a few meters below the surface. The work could provide clues for conserving the lake, a crucial resource for both the ecology and the economy of the region.

Salt Lake, Fresh Water

In 2023, Michael Thorne and colleagues began using a technique known as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which can reveal the presence of fresh or salty water, at dozens of spots near the southern and eastern edges of the Great Salt Lake. Thorne is a geophysicist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City and a coauthor of the new study.

The lake’s desiccation allowed the researchers to access areas where “at previous times, you would never be able to do measurements because [they] would be underwater,” said Thorne.

Establishing a network of ERT sensors requires robust fieldwork. Over the course of long days in the field, Mason Jacketta, lead author of the new study, and others placed electrodes into the ground a few meters apart, making lines that stretched hundreds of meters. Between pairs of electrodes, they measured the resistance to electrical current. Salty water, filled with electricity-conducting ions, has lower resistance than fresh water.

Paired with information on the rock and sediment beneath the surface, as well as with measurements from nearby wells, the ERT data allowed the team to work out a profile of how electrical resistance varied with depth and to figure out what kind of water seeped through pores in the ground below. The team shared the results of their work on the southern part of the lake in Geosciences, while more in-depth findings about the eastern shore will appear in an upcoming publication.

“What this is really showing is that [fresh water is] prevalent all over the place.”

At many of the sites, Jacketta and others found fresh water near the surface.

“What this is really showing is that [fresh water is] prevalent all over the place,” said Elliot Jagniecki, a geologist at the Utah Geological Survey who wasn’t part of the work.

That fresh water was often in close proximity to patches of salty groundwater. At one spot in the southeastern part of the lake, the team found a shallow layer of brine. But right below that, at only 5 meters of depth, they encountered fresh water. At the team’s most northern study site, they found fresh water around 2 meters deep. On the southern shore, they found fresh water in some places as shallow as 2.8 meters.

Mysterious Formations

The team’s results also helped explain curious features around the Great Salt Lake, including mounds made of salt and islands made of reeds.

The lacy-looking layers of the lake’s so-called mirabilite mounds form in the winter, when the cold freezes upwelling salty water, concentrating its salts. With measurements taken next to where some mirabilite mounds form, the researchers could visualize the underground conduits that send salty water to the surface.

While mirabilite mounds form close to shore, mounds made of Phragmites reeds appear in the lake’s interior as well as along its periphery. Thorne and his colleague William Johnson first noticed these mysterious circles popping up in Google Maps more than a decade ago. When they went to investigate, they found Phragmites.

“The population of Phragmites around the Great Salt Lake is really not allowing fresh groundwater to go back into the Great Salt Lake.”

In the new work, the team placed a line for electrical resistivity tomography straight through a Phragmites mound. These reeds wouldn’t be able to survive in the lake’s briny water, Thorne said, but the team’s results showed fresh water rising right to where the invasive reeds grew thick.

“The population of Phragmites around the Great Salt Lake is really not allowing fresh groundwater to go back into the Great Salt Lake,” said study coauthor Tonie van Dam, a geophysicist at the University of Utah. The reeds suck up some 70,000 acre-feet of fresh water that could go back into the lake, she said. In “sucking up [fresh water] for their own existence,” van Dam explained, the reeds crowd out native plant species that provide habitat for native birds.

More Than a Beautiful Landscape

Overall, the study provides a new picture of the fresh and salty groundwater beneath the lake and how these resources feed what people observe at the surface.

It’s also helped to prompt other work, Thorne said, including one recent study in which researchers used a helicopter carrying a wire loop to create and sense electrical currents underground. That study, published in Scientific Reports, suggested there could be a large amount of fresh water under one part of the lake.

But that work is a proof of concept, Jagniecki said, and accessing such potential aquifers might not be sufficient to help address the lake’s current desiccation. Even if they could, refilling them could take thousands of years. “I just don’t think that’s a solution,” he said.

Saline lakes are fragile ecosystems sensitive to climate change, Jagniecki said. The Great Salt Lake harbors plenty of life, such as brine shrimp that become food for a host of migratory birds that use the lake as a stopover. Mineral extraction and the use of brine shrimp for feed in aquaculture are important drivers of Utah’s economy.

Getting a better understanding of how saline lake systems function could be helpful in conserving them and maintaining the resources they provide humans, Jagniecki explained.

“It’s actually more than that. It’s a beautiful landscape,” he said.

—Carolyn Wilke, Science Writer

Citation: Wilke, C. (2026), What’s below the Great Salt Lake? More water, Eos, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EO260127. Published on 21 April 2026.
Text © 2026. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.
  • ✇Cartoon Research
  • The 25th Anniversary of DreamWorks’ “Shrek” Michael Lyons
    “The greatest fairy tale never told.” That was the tagline on the Shrek poster, perfectly describing the film, which, hard as it is to believe, celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary this month. The film was DreamWorks’ first bona fide blockbuster, grossing $267 million domestically, won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in the spring of 2002, and began a franchise for the studio that continues beyond the screen to theme parks, Broadway, TV specials, merchandise, spin off movi
     

The 25th Anniversary of DreamWorks’ “Shrek”

15 May 2026 at 07:01

“The greatest fairy tale never told.” That was the tagline on the Shrek poster, perfectly describing the film, which, hard as it is to believe, celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary this month.

The film was DreamWorks’ first bona fide blockbuster, grossing $267 million domestically, won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in the spring of 2002, and began a franchise for the studio that continues beyond the screen to theme parks, Broadway, TV specials, merchandise, spin off movies, sequels (including a fifth planned for next year) and now sits squarely as an immensely popular part of our pop culture.

In the mid-’90s, Producer John H. Williams’ children had been reading author and cartoonist William Steig’s picture book Shrek! and Williams brought the book to Jeffrey Katzenberg’s attention.

Katzenberg, as Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios, was part of the team that had shepherded Disney through that studio’s animation renaissance of the 1990s (with such groundbreaking blockbusters as Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King). He left Disney in 1994, in a highly publicized exit, then partnered with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen to form the new studio, DreamWorks SKG.

Shrek would go on to famously skewer much of Disney’s fabled worlds. The film’s princess warbles in such a high-pitched voice (a la Snow White) that one of the birds singing along explodes. The kingdom greets visitors with cheerily singing audio-animatronic figures straight out of “It’s a Small World’ (including a “souvenir photo” at the end of their performance).

Directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, the film centered on the title character, a cynical, solitary, grumpy ogre (voiced by Mike Myers), who finds his swamp home threatened when the evil Lord Farquaad (John Lithgow) banishes fairy tale creatures to the same swamp.

Storyboard sketch

Shrek sets out to persuade Farquaad to give him his swamp back and joining him on this adventure is a talking donkey named Donkey (Eddie Murphy), and Princess Fiona (Cameron Diaz), whom the Lord wants to marry, in order to become a true king.

DreamWorks partnered with the computer animation studio Pacific Data Images (which DreamWorks had purchased in 2000) on the film version of Shrek. Initially, comedian Chris Farley was cast as Shrek and had recorded most of his dialogue before his untimely passing in 1997. Myers (Farley’s co-star on Saturday Night Live) was then recast as the ogre, ultimately deciding on a Scottish accent (like his “Fat Bastard” character from his Austin Powers franchise of films) for the character.

In addition to satire, there was plenty of contemporary pop-culture humor that was woven into the film’s script by Ted Elliot, Terry Rossio, Joe Stillman, and Roger S.H. Schulman, as well as the many story artists. Farquaad’s Magic Mirror informs him about Fiona via a Dating Game parody. And Donkey constantly belts out a string of Top 40 hits, including The Monkees’ classic “I’m a Believer,” in the film’s upbeat finale.

Shrek opened in theaters on May 18, 2001, receiving praise from critics, including Entertainment Weekly’s Lisa Schwarzbaum. Twenty-five years later, her words sum up just how fresh and innovative Shrek was. She wrote: “This charmingly loopy, iconoclastic story about a crotchety ogre, a rakish donkey, a princess with a beauty secret, and a contemptible nobleman with a Napoleon complex isn’t only a funny, sprightly fable for all ages about not judging a book by its cover; it’s also a kind of palace coup, a shout of defiance, and a coming-of-age for DreamWorks, the upstart studio that shepherded the project with such skill and chutzpah.”

  • ✇Eos
  • Fixing Baltimore’s Unequal Weather Data Coverage Rebecca Owen
    Source: Community Science Heat, air pollution, and flooding can affect a city and the health of city residents. Yet few cities have a comprehensive network of weather stations providing accurate measurements of rainfall, humidity, and air temperature across different neighborhoods. Some of this information can be filled in by community members’ personal weather stations, like those connected through Weather Underground. But because of a lack of sensors and inconsistencies in data collection,
     

Fixing Baltimore’s Unequal Weather Data Coverage

13 April 2026 at 12:37
Six adults stand around a tripod that holds a personal weather station device. They are standing on grass, and several buildings are visible not far behind them.
Source: Community Science

Heat, air pollution, and flooding can affect a city and the health of city residents. Yet few cities have a comprehensive network of weather stations providing accurate measurements of rainfall, humidity, and air temperature across different neighborhoods. Some of this information can be filled in by community members’ personal weather stations, like those connected through Weather Underground. But because of a lack of sensors and inconsistencies in data collection, these types of community networks are often not reliable on their own. Furthermore, most personal weather stations are located in higher-income neighborhoods, with very few in lower-income, underserved neighborhoods.

The same is true in Baltimore, where personal weather stations are more prevalent in higher-income, majority-white neighborhoods around and stretching north from the Inner Harbor but are lacking in lower-income and majority-Black neighborhoods to the west and east. Furthermore, only one National Weather Service sensor is present in the city itself, in the Inner Harbor, and another sensor is located about 12 kilometers (8 miles) away at Baltimore/Washington International Airport.

Waugh et al. describe a partnership between universities, state agencies, and Baltimore residents to build the Baltimore Community Weather Network (BCWN) that addresses the missing data coverage around the city. Unlike the patchwork of personal weather stations, community members participating in the BCWN are from underserved areas in the city and are actively involved in data collection and interpretation.

Weather stations are placed in open spaces to avoid obstacles like buildings or trees affecting measurements of temperature, rainfall, or wind. This careful placement is designed to ensure that the data collected are as close as possible to the conditions experienced by actual residents.

BCWN sites are carefully monitored and managed by community members. Baltimore residents are actively involved in data collection, weather station management, and decisionmaking with scientists and local organizations to help promote engagement, education, and community empowerment.

Because Baltimore is not the only U.S. city that has historically lacked accurate weather data coverage, the BCWN system could be applied to other locations—or even used to monitor other environmental exposures, such as air pollution, the authors say. (Community Science, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025CSJ000154, 2026)

—Rebecca Owen (@beccapox.bsky.social), Science Writer

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Citation: Owen, R. (2026), Fixing Baltimore’s unequal weather data coverage, Eos, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EO260108. Published on 13 April 2026.
Text © 2026. AGU. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
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